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Monday, January 30, 2006
Peradilan Rakyat

Cerpen Putu Wijaya
Seorang pengacara muda yang cemerlang mengunjungi ayahnya, seorang pengacara senior yang sangat dihormati oleh para penegak hukum.

"Tapi aku datang tidak sebagai putramu," kata pengacara muda itu, "aku datang ke mari sebagai seorang pengacara muda yang ingin menegakkan keadilan di negeri yang sedang kacau ini."

Pengacara tua yang bercambang dan jenggot memutih itu, tidak terkejut. Ia menatap putranya dari kursi rodanya, lalu menjawab dengan suara yang tenang dan agung.

"Apa yang ingin kamu tentang, anak muda?"
Pengacara muda tertegun. "Ayahanda bertanya kepadaku?"
"Ya, kepada kamu, bukan sebagai putraku, tetapi kamu sebagai ujung
tombak pencarian keadilan di negeri yang sedang dicabik-cabik korupsi ini."
Pengacara muda itu tersenyum.
"Baik, kalau begitu, Anda mengerti maksudku."

"Tentu saja. Aku juga pernah muda seperti kamu. Dan aku juga berani, kalau perlu kurang ajar. Aku pisahkan antara urusan keluarga dan kepentingan pribadi dengan perjuangan penegakan keadilan. Tidak seperti para pengacara sekarang yang kebanyakan berdagang. Bahkan tidak seperti para elit dan cendekiawan yang cemerlang ketika masih di luar kekuasaan, namun menjadi lebih buas dan keji ketika memperoleh kesempatan untuk menginjak-injak keadilan dan kebenaran yang dulu diberhalakannya. Kamu pasti tidak terlalu jauh dari keadaanku waktu masih muda. Kamu sudah membaca riwayat hidupku yang belum lama ini ditulis di sebuah kampus di luar negeri bukan? Mereka menyebutku Singa Lapar. Aku memang tidak pernah berhenti memburu pencuri-pencuri keadilan yang bersarang di lembaga-lembaga tinggi dan gedung-gedung bertingkat. Merekalah yang sudah membuat kejahatan menjadi budaya di negeri ini. Kamu bisa banyak belajar dari buku itu."

Pengacara muda itu tersenyum. Ia mengangkat dagunya, mencoba memandang pejuang keadilan yang kini seperti macan ompong itu, meskipun sisa-sisa keperkasaannya masih terasa.

"Aku tidak datang untuk menentang atau memuji Anda. Anda dengan seluruh sejarah Anda memang terlalu besar untuk dibicarakan. Meskipun bukan bebas dari kritik. Aku punya sederetan koreksi terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan yang sudah Anda lakukan. Dan aku terlalu kecil untuk menentang bahkan juga terlalu tak pantas untuk memujimu. Anda sudah tidak memerlukan cercaan atau pujian lagi. Karena kau bukan hanya penegak keadilan yang bersih, kau yang selalu berhasil dan sempurna, tetapi kau juga adalah keadilan itu sendiri."

Pengacara tua itu meringis.
"Aku suka kau menyebut dirimu aku dan memanggilku kau. Berarti kita bisa bicara sungguh-sungguh sebagai profesional, Pemburu Keadilan."
"Itu semua juga tidak lepas dari hasil gemblenganmu yang tidak kenal ampun!"
Pengacara tua itu tertawa.
"Kau sudah mulai lagi dengan puji-pujianmu!" potong pengacara tua.
Pengacara muda terkejut. Ia tersadar pada kekeliruannya lalu minta maaf.

"Tidak apa. Jangan surut. Katakan saja apa yang hendak kamu katakan," sambung pengacara tua menenangkan, sembari mengangkat tangan, menikmati juga pujian itu, "jangan membatasi dirimu sendiri. Jangan membunuh diri dengan diskripsi-diskripsi yang akan menjebak kamu ke dalam doktrin-doktrin beku, mengalir sajalah sewajarnya bagaikan mata air, bagai suara alam, karena kamu sangat diperlukan oleh bangsamu ini."

Pengacara muda diam beberapa lama untuk merumuskan diri. Lalu ia meneruskan ucapannya dengan lebih tenang.

"Aku datang kemari ingin mendengar suaramu. Aku mau berdialog."
"Baik. Mulailah. Berbicaralah sebebas-bebasnya."

"Terima kasih. Begini. Belum lama ini negara menugaskan aku untuk membela seorang penjahat besar, yang sepantasnya mendapat hukuman mati. Pihak keluarga pun datang dengan gembira ke rumahku untuk mengungkapkan kebahagiannya, bahwa pada akhirnya negara cukup adil, karena memberikan seorang pembela kelas satu untuk mereka. Tetapi aku tolak mentah-mentah. Kenapa? Karena aku yakin, negara tidak benar-benar menugaskan aku untuk membelanya. Negara hanya ingin mempertunjukkan sebuah teater spektakuler, bahwa di negeri yang sangat tercela hukumnya ini, sudah ada kebangkitan baru. Penjahat yang paling kejam, sudah diberikan seorang pembela yang perkasa seperti Mike Tyson, itu bukan istilahku, aku pinjam dari apa yang diobral para pengamat keadilan di koran untuk semua sepak-terjangku, sebab aku selalu berhasil memenangkan semua perkara yang aku tangani.

Aku ingin berkata tidak kepada negara, karena pencarian keadilan tak boleh menjadi sebuah teater, tetapi mutlak hanya pencarian keadilan yang kalau perlu dingin danbeku. Tapi negara terus juga mendesak dengan berbagai cara supaya tugas itu aku terima. Di situ aku mulai berpikir. Tak mungkin semua itu tanpa alasan. Lalu aku melakukan investigasi yang mendalam dan kutemukan faktanya. Walhasil, kesimpulanku, negara sudah memainkan sandiwara. Negara ingin menunjukkan kepada rakyat dan dunia, bahwa kejahatan dibela oleh siapa pun, tetap kejahatan. Bila negara tetap dapat menjebloskan bangsat itu sampai ke titik terakhirnya hukuman tembak mati, walaupun sudah dibela oleh tim pembela seperti aku, maka negara akan mendapatkan kemenangan ganda, karena kemenangan itu pastilah kemenangan yang telak dan bersih, karena aku yang menjadi jaminannya. Negara hendak menjadikan aku sebagai pecundang. Dan itulah yang aku tentang.

Negara harusnya percaya bahwa menegakkan keadilan tidak bisa lain harus dengan keadilan yang bersih, sebagaimana yang sudah Anda lakukan selama ini."

Pengacara muda itu berhenti sebentar untuk memberikan waktu pengacara senior itu menyimak. Kemudian ia melanjutkan.

"Tapi aku datang kemari bukan untuk minta pertimbanganmu, apakah keputusanku untuk menolak itu tepat atau tidak. Aku datang kemari karena setelah negara menerima baik penolakanku, bajingan itu sendiri datang ke tempat kediamanku dan meminta dengan hormat supaya aku bersedia untuk membelanya."

"Lalu kamu terima?" potong pengacara tua itu tiba-tiba.
Pengacara muda itu terkejut. Ia menatap pengacara tua itu dengan heran.
"Bagaimana Anda tahu?"

Pengacara tua mengelus jenggotnya dan mengangkat matanya melihat ke tempat yang jauh. Sebentar saja, tapi seakan ia sudah mengarungi jarak ribuan kilometer. Sambil menghela napas kemudian ia berkata: "Sebab aku kenal siapa kamu."

Pengacara muda sekarang menarik napas panjang.
"Ya aku menerimanya, sebab aku seorang profesional. Sebagai seorang pengacara aku tidak bisa menolak siapa pun orangnya yang meminta agar aku melaksanakan kewajibanku sebagai pembela. Sebagai pembela, aku mengabdi kepada mereka yang membutuhkan keahlianku untuk membantu pengadilan menjalankan proses peradilan sehingga tercapai keputusan yang seadil-adilnya."

Pengacara tua mengangguk-anggukkan kepala tanda mengerti.
"Jadi itu yang ingin kamu tanyakan?"
"Antara lain."
"Kalau begitu kau sudah mendapatkan jawabanku."
Pengacara muda tertegun. Ia menatap, mencoba mengetahui apa yang ada di dalam lubuk hati orang tua itu.
"Jadi langkahku sudah benar?"
Orang tua itu kembali mengelus janggutnya.

"Jangan dulu mempersoalkan kebenaran. Tapi kau telah menunjukkan dirimu sebagai profesional. Kau tolak tawaran negara, sebab di balik tawaran itu tidak hanya ada usaha pengejaran pada kebenaran dan penegakan keadilan sebagaimana yang kau kejar dalam profesimu sebagai ahli hukum, tetapi di situ sudah ada tujuan-tujuan politik. Namun, tawaran yang sama dari seorang penjahat, malah kau terima baik, tak peduli orang itu orang yang pantas ditembak mati, karena sebagai profesional kau tak bisa menolak mereka yang minta tolong agar kamu membelanya dari praktik-praktik pengadilan yang kotor untuk menemukan keadilan yang paling tepat. Asal semua itu dilakukannya tanpa ancaman dan tanpa sogokan uang! Kau tidak membelanya karena ketakutan, bukan?"
"Tidak! Sama sekali tidak!"
"Bukan juga karena uang?!"
"Bukan!"
"Lalu karena apa?"
Pengacara muda itu tersenyum.
"Karena aku akan membelanya."
"Supaya dia menang?"

"Tidak ada kemenangan di dalam pemburuan keadilan. Yang ada hanya usaha untuk mendekati apa yang lebih benar. Sebab kebenaran sejati, kebenaran yang paling benar mungkin hanya mimpi kita yang tak akan pernah tercapai. Kalah-menang bukan masalah lagi. Upaya untuk mengejar itu yang paling penting. Demi memuliakan proses itulah, aku menerimanya sebagai klienku."
Pengacara tua termenung.
"Apa jawabanku salah?"
Orang tua itu menggeleng.

"Seperti yang kamu katakan tadi, salah atau benar juga tidak menjadi persoalan. Hanya ada kemungkinan kalau kamu membelanya, kamu akan berhasil keluar sebagai pemenang."

"Jangan meremehkan jaksa-jaksa yang diangkat oleh negara. Aku dengar sebuah tim yang sangat tangguh akan diturunkan."

"Tapi kamu akan menang."
"Perkaranya saja belum mulai, bagaimana bisa tahu aku akan menang."

"Sudah bertahun-tahun aku hidup sebagai pengacara. Keputusan sudah bisa dibaca walaupun sidang belum mulai. Bukan karena materi perkara itu, tetapi karena soal-soal sampingan. Kamu terlalu besar untuk kalah saat ini."

Pengacara muda itu tertawa kecil.
"Itu pujian atau peringatan?"
"Pujian."
"Asal Anda jujur saja."
"Aku jujur."
"Betul?"
"Betul!"

Pengacara muda itu tersenyum dan manggut-manggut. Yang tua memicingkan matanya dan mulai menembak lagi.
"Tapi kamu menerima membela penjahat itu, bukan karena takut, bukan?"

"Bukan! Kenapa mesti takut?!"
"Mereka tidak mengancam kamu?"
"Mengacam bagaimana?"
"Jumlah uang yang terlalu besar, pada akhirnya juga adalah sebuah ancaman. Dia tidak memberikan angka-angka?"

"Tidak."
Pengacara tua itu terkejut.
"Sama sekali tak dibicarakan berapa mereka akan membayarmu?"
"Tidak."
"Wah! Itu tidak profesional!"
Pengacara muda itu tertawa.
"Aku tak pernah mencari uang dari kesusahan orang!"
"Tapi bagaimana kalau dia sampai menang?"
Pengacara muda itu terdiam.
"Bagaimana kalau dia sampai menang?"
"Negara akan mendapat pelajaran penting. Jangan main-main dengan kejahatan!"
"Jadi kamu akan memenangkan perkara itu?"
Pengacara muda itu tak menjawab.
"Berarti ya!"
"Ya. Aku akan memenangkannya dan aku akan menang!"

Orang tua itu terkejut. Ia merebahkan tubuhnya bersandar. Kedua tangannya mengurut dada. Ketika yang muda hendak bicara lagi, ia mengangkat tangannya.

"Tak usah kamu ulangi lagi, bahwa kamu melakukan itu bukan karena takut, bukan karena kamu disogok."
"Betul. Ia minta tolong, tanpa ancaman dan tanpa sogokan. Aku tidak takut."

"Dan kamu menerima tanpa harapan akan mendapatkan balas jasa atau perlindungan balik kelak kalau kamu perlukan, juga bukan karena kamu ingin memburu publikasi dan bintang-bintang penghargaan dari organisasi kemanusiaan di mancanegara yang benci negaramu, bukan?"

"Betul."
"Kalau begitu, pulanglah anak muda. Tak perlu kamu bimbang.

Keputusanmu sudah tepat. Menegakkan hukum selalu dirongrong oleh berbagai tuduhan, seakan-akan kamu sudah memiliki pamrih di luar dari pengejaran keadilan dan kebenaran. Tetapi semua rongrongan itu hanya akan menambah pujian untukmu kelak, kalau kamu mampu terus mendengarkan suara hati nuranimu sebagai penegak hukum yang profesional."

Pengacara muda itu ingin menjawab, tetapi pengacara tua tidak memberikan kesempatan.
"Aku kira tak ada yang perlu dibahas lagi. Sudah jelas. Lebih baik kamu pulang sekarang. Biarkan aku bertemu dengan putraku, sebab aku sudah sangat rindu kepada dia."

Pengacara muda itu jadi amat terharu. Ia berdiri hendak memeluk ayahnya. Tetapi orang tua itu mengangkat tangan dan memperingatkan dengan suara yang serak. Nampaknya sudah lelah dan kesakitan.

"Pulanglah sekarang. Laksanakan tugasmu sebagai seorang profesional."
"Tapi..."

Pengacara tua itu menutupkan matanya, lalu menyandarkan punggungnya ke kursi. Sekretarisnya yang jelita, kemudian menyelimuti tubuhnya. Setelah itu wanita itu menoleh kepada pengacara muda.
"Maaf, saya kira pertemuan harus diakhiri di sini, Pak. Beliau perlu banyak beristirahat. Selamat malam."

Entah karena luluh oleh senyum di bibir wanita yang memiliki mata yang sangat indah itu, pengacara muda itu tak mampu lagi menolak. Ia memandang sekali lagi orang tua itu dengan segala hormat dan cintanya. Lalu ia mendekatkan mulutnya ke telinga wanita itu, agar suaranya jangan sampai membangunkan orang tua itu dan berbisik.

"Katakan kepada ayahanda, bahwa bukti-bukti yang sempat dikumpulkan oleh negara terlalu sedikit dan lemah. Peradilan ini terlalu tergesa-gesa. Aku akan memenangkan perkara ini dan itu berarti akan membebaskan bajingan yang ditakuti dan dikutuk oleh seluruh rakyat di negeri ini untuk terbang lepas kembali seperti burung di udara. Dan semoga itu akan membuat negeri kita ini menjadi lebih dewasa secepatnya. Kalau tidak, kita akan menjadi bangsa yang lalai."

Apa yang dibisikkan pengacara muda itu kemudian menjadi kenyataan. Dengan gemilang dan mudah ia mempecundangi negara di pengadilan dan memerdekaan kembali raja penjahat itu. Bangsat itu tertawa terkekeh-kekeh. Ia merayakan kemenangannya dengan pesta kembang api semalam suntuk, lalu meloncat ke mancanegara, tak mungkin dijamah lagi. Rakyat pun marah. Mereka terbakar dan mengalir bagai lava panas ke jalanan, menyerbu dengan yel-yel dan poster-poster raksasa. Gedung pengadilan diserbu dan dibakar. Hakimnya diburu-buru. Pengacara muda itu diculik, disiksa dan akhirnya baru dikembalikan sesudah jadi mayat. Tetapi itu pun belum cukup. Rakyat terus mengaum dan hendak menggulingkan pemerintahan yang sah.

Pengacara tua itu terpagut di kursi rodanya. Sementara sekretaris jelitanya membacakan berita-berita keganasan yang merebak di seluruh wilayah negara dengan suaranya yang empuk, air mata menetes di pipi pengacara besar itu.

"Setelah kau datang sebagai seorang pengacara muda yang gemilang dan meminta aku berbicara sebagai profesional, anakku," rintihnya dengan amat sedih, "Aku terus membuka pintu dan mengharapkan kau datang lagi kepadaku sebagai seorang putra. Bukankah sudah aku ingatkan, aku rindu kepada putraku. Lupakah kamu bahwa kamu bukan saja seorang profesional, tetapi juga seorang putra dari ayahmu. Tak inginkah kau mendengar apa kata seorang ayah kepada putranya, kalau berhadapan dengan sebuah perkara, di mana seorang penjahat besar yang terbebaskan akan menyulut peradilan rakyat seperti bencana yang melanda negeri kita sekarang ini?" ***

Cirendeu 1-3-03

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Dating (activity)
Dating is any social activity undertaken by, typically, two people with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as their partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse. The word refers to the act of meeting and engaging in some mutually agreed upon social activity. Traditional dating activities include entertainment or a meal. In many cultural traditions, a date may be arranged by a third party, who may be a family member, acquaintance, or professional matchmaker. Recently internet dating has become popular. Although dating etiquette in Western culture has become more relaxed during the twentieth century, there are considerable differences between social and personal values. For example, when an activity costs money (for example, a meal), traditionally the man was expected to pay; but in recent times the practice of "going Dutch" (splitting the expenses) has become more common and more acceptable.

Systems for organizing dates * Online dating: Instead of using a traditional matchmaker, online dating uses specifically targeted websites to meet new people.
* Speed dating: Where a group of people get together for several hours in public; you are given a set amount of time to sit and talk to each person before you move on to the next person.
* Mobile dating/cell phone dating: Where text messages to and from a mobile/cell phone carrier are used to show interest in others on the system. Can be web-based or online dating as well depending on the company.
* Virtual dating: A combination of video game playing and dating, where users create avatars and spend time in virtual worlds in an attempt to meet other avatars with the purpose of meeting for potential dates.
* Singles events: Where a group of singles are brought together to take part in various events for the purposes of meeting new people. Events can include such things as parties, workshops and games.
Online dating or Internet dating is a dating system which allows individuals, couples and groups to make contact and communicate with each other over the Internet, usually with the objective of developing a personal romantic or sexual relationship. Online dating services usually provide unmoderated matchmaking over the Internet, through the use of personal computers or cell phones.
Online dating services generally require a prospective member to provide personal information, before they can search the service provider's database for other individuals using criteria they set, such as age range, gender and location. Most sites allow members to upload photos of themselves and browse the photos of others. Sites may offer additional services, such as webcasts, online chat, telephone chat (VOIP), and message boards. Some sites provide free registration, but may offer services which require a monthly fee. Other sites depend on advertising for their revenue.
Many sites are broad-based, with members coming from a variety of backgrounds looking for different types of relationships. Other sites are more specific, based on the type of members, interests, location, or relationship desired.
List of perfumes
Famous perfumes classified by year of creation
Year Name Company Perfumer
1390 Fiori di Capri Carthusia
1709 Farina Eau de Cologne Johann Maria Farina Johann Maria Farina (1685-1766)
1714 Kölnisch Wasser Farina Gegenüber Johann Maria Farina
1780 Royal English Leather Creed
1786
1789 Number Six Caswell-Massey
1792 4711 Echt Kölnisch Wasser 4711 Wilhelm Muhlens
1798 Eau de Lubin Parfum Lubin Pierre François Lubin
1799 Gold Medal Atkinsons
1806 Jean Marie Farina Roger & Gallet
1815 Freshman Truefitt & Hill Francis Truefitt
1821 Lavender Floris
1828 Pot Pourri Santa Maria Novella
1853 Eau de Cologne Imperial Guerlain Pierre-François-Pascal Guerlain
1862 Fantasia de Fleurs Creed
1872 Hammam Bouquet Penhaligon's William Henry Penhaligon
1889 Jicky Guerlain Aimé Guerlain
c. 1900 Bouquet Nouveau Roger & Gallet
1901 Edwardian Bouquet Floris
1902 Blenheim Bouquet Penhaligon's William Henry Penhaligon
1904 Mouchoir de Monsieur Guerlain Jacques Guerlain
1908 Florida Water Murray & Lanman
c.1910 Astris L.T. Piver L.T. Piver
c.1912 Chypre D'Orsay
1911 English Fern Penhaligon's William Henry Penhaligon
c. 1911 Illusion Drake
c.1911 Narcise Noir Parfums Caron
1912 L'Heure Bleue Guerlain Jacques Guerlain
1912 Quelques Fleurs L'Original Houbigant
1913 April Violets Yardley
c. 1913 La Feuilleraie Gueldy
c.1913 Muguet Coty
1913 Violette Précieuse Parfums Caron Ernest Daltroff
1916 Acqua di Parma Colonia Acqua di Parma
1917 Chypre de Coty François Coty François Coty
1919 Mitsouko Guerlain Jacques Guerlain
1919 Tabac Blond Caron Ernest Daltroff
1921 N°5 Chanel Ernest Beaux
1922 June Roses Morny
1922 No. 22 Chanel Ernest Beaux
1922 Nuit de Noël Caron Ernest Daltroff
1924 Cuir de Russie Chanel Ernest Beaux
c.1925 Mon Studio Calliste
c.1925 My Sin Lanvin
1925 Shalimar Guerlain Jacques Guerlain
1926 Bois des ÃŽles Chanel Ernest Beaux
1926 Paris Coty
1927 Arpège Lanvin André Fraysse
1927 Bellodgia Caron Ernest Daltroff
1927 L'Aimant Coty Francois Coty, Vincent Roubert
1928 Soir de Paris Bourjois Ernest Beaux
1929 Liu Guerlain Jacques Guerlain
1930 Acqua di Parma Profumo Acqua di Parma
1930 Joy Jean Patou Henri Alméras
1932 Je Reviens House of Worth Maurice Blanchet
1932 Tabu Dana Jean Carles
1933 Vol de Nuit Guerlain Jacques Guerlain
1933 Angélique Encens Creed
1934 Blue Grass Elizabeth Arden Fragonard
1934 Dunhill for Men Alfred Dunhill
1934 Pour Un Homme Caron Ernest Daltroff
1935 Nuit de Longchamp Parfum Lubin
1936 French Cancan Caron Ernest Daltroff
c.1936 Kobako Bourjois
1937 Colony Patou
1938 Dancing Time Durbarry
1939 It's You Arden
1940 Snuff Schiaparelli
1943 Arôme 3 D'Orsay
1944 Bandit Robert Piguet Germaine Cellier
1944 Femme Rochas Edmond Roudnitska
1945 White Shoulders Elizabeth Arden
1946 Coeur-Joie Nina Ricci Germaine Cellier
1946 Ma Griffe Carven Jean Carles
1947 Vent Vert Balmain Germaine Cellier
1948 Fracas Robert Piguet Germaine Cellier
1948 L'Air du Temps Nina Ricci Françis Fabron
1949 Rose Caron Michel Morsetti
1949 English Leather Dana
1950 Orange Spice Creed
1951 Eau d'Hermès Hermès Edmond Roudnitska
1951 Prince Douka Marquay
1952 Wind Song Prince Matchabelli
1952 Quadrille Balenciaga
1953 Youth Dew[1][2] Estée Lauder Estée Lauder
1954 Electrique Max Factor
1954 Poivre Caron Michel Morsetti
1955 Chanel Pour Monsieur Chanel Henri Robert
1955 Pine Sylvestre Silvestre Lino Vidal
1956 Diorissimo Christian Dior Edmond Roudnitska
1957 Le De Givenchy
1957 L'Interdit (original) Givenchy Francis Fabron
1959 Monsieur de Givenchy Givenchy Michel Hy
1959 Cabochard Parfums Grès Bernard Chant
1960 Unforgettable Avon
1961 Eau d'Hadrien Annick Goutal Annick Goutal
1961 Vetiver Guerlain Jean-Paul Guerlain
1962 Bal a Versailles Jean Desprez Jean Desprez
1963 Diorling Christian Dior Paul Vacher
1964 Idole de Lubin Parfum Lubin
1965 Aramis Aramis
1966 Eau Sauvage Christian Dior Edmond Roudnitska
1967 Climat Lancôme
1968 Irisia Creed
1969 Ô Lancôme Robert Gonnon
1969 Chamade Guerlain Jean-Paul Guerlain
1970 Equipage Hermès Guy Robert
1970 Sélection Verte Creed
1971 No. 19 Chanel Henri Robert
1972 Diorella Christian Dior Edmond Roudnitska
1972 Fleurissimo Creed
1973 Charlie Revlon Harry A. Cuttler
1973 Ciara Revlon
1974 Baby Soft Love's
1974 Cristalle Chanel Henri Robert
1974 Eau de Guerlain Guerlain Jean-Paul Guerlain
1975 Zeste Mandarine Pamplemousse Creed
1976 Lily of the Valley Penhaligon's
1976 Violetta Penhaligon's
1976 Z-14 Halston Vincent Marsello
1977 Opium Yves Saint-Laurent Jean-Louis Sieuzac
1978 Anaïs Anaïs Cacharel Raymond Chaillan/Roger Pellegrino
1978 Azzaro Pour Homme Azzaro Gérard Anthony, Martin Heiddenreich, Richard Wirtz
1978 Bluebell Penhaligon's Michael Pickthall
1978 Cinnabar Estée Lauder
1978 Magie Noire Lancôme G. Goupy / J-C Niel
1978 White Linen Estée Lauder Sophia Grojsman
1979 Nahéma Guerlain Jean-Paul Guerlain
1980 Ivoire Balmain Francis Camail
1980 Patou Pour Homme Jean Patou Jean Kerleo
1981 Kouros Yves Saint-Laurent Pierre Bourdon
1981 Must de Cartier Cartier Jean-Jacques Diener
1981 Nombre Noir Shiseido Jean-Yves Leroy
1981 Giorgio Giorgio Beverly Hills Group Work: M.L. Quince, Francis Camail, Harry Cuttler
1982 Drakkar Noir Guy Laroche Pierre Wargnye
1982 Trussardi Trussardi
1982 Quorum Antonio Puig
1983 Paris Yves Saint-Laurent Sophia Grojsman
1984 Coco Chanel Jacques Polge
1985 Obsession Calvin Klein Jean Guichard
1985 Poison Christian Dior Jean Guichard
1985 Green Irish Tweed Creed Oliver Creed
1986 Prescriptives Calyx Prescriptives Sophia Grojsman
1987 Lou Lou Cacharel Jean Guichard
1988 Cool Water Davidoff Pierre Bourdon
1988 Eternity Calvin Klein Sophia Grojsman
1988 Fahrenheit Christian Dior Jean-Louis Sieuzac, Maurice Roger
1989 Red Door Elizabeth Arden Carlos Benaim, Olivier Gillotin
1989 Samsara Guerlain Jean-Paul Guerlain
1990 Trésor Lancôme Sophia Grojsman
1991 Gendarme Gendarme
1992 Angel Thierry Mugler Olvier Cresp
1992 Bois de Violette Serge Lutens Christopher Sheldrake
1992 L'eau d'Issey Issey Miyake Jacques Cavallier
1992 Feminitè du Bois Shiseido Christopher Sheldrake
1993 Jean-Paul Gaultier Classique Jean-Paul Gaultier Jacques Cavallier
1994 CK One Calvin Klein Harry Fremont and Alberto Morillas
1995 24, Faubourg Hermès Maurice Roucel
1995 Hugo Hugo Boss Francis Kurkdjian/Creations Aromatiques
1995 Le Mâle Jean-Paul Gaultier Francis Kurkdjian
1995 Millésime Impérial Creed
1996 Acqua di Gió Pour Homme Giorgio Armani Alberto Morillas and Jacques Cavallier
1996 Angel Men/A*Men Thierry Mugler
1996 Dolce Vita Christian Dior Pierre Bourdon and Maurice Roger
1996 Spring Flower Creed Olivier Creed
1996 Tommy Girl Tommy Hilfiger
1996 Organza Givenchy Sophie Labbé
1997 Envy Gucci Maurice Roucel
1997 Lolita Lempicka Lolita Lempicka Annick Menardo
1998 Hypnotic Poison Christian Dior Annick Menardo
1998 Bulgari Black Bulgari Annick Menardo
1998 Noa Cacharel Olivier Cresp
1999 Dzing! L'Artisan Olivia Giacobetti
1999 J’Adore Christian Dior Calice Becker
2000 En Passant Frederic Malle Olivia Giacobetti
2000 Tea for Two L'Artisan Olivia Giacobetti
2001 1872 Clive Christian
2001 Chergui Serge Lutens Christopher Sheldrake
2001 Coco Mademoiselle Chanel Jacques Polge
2001 Light Blue Dolce & Gabbana Olivier Cresp
2001 Mugler Cologne Thierry Mugler Alberto Morillas
2001 No. 1 Clive Christian
2001 Nu Yves Saint-Laurent Jacques Cavallier
2001 X Clive Christian
2002 Addict Christian Dior Thierry Wasser
2002 Black Cashmere Donna Karan
2002 2 Comme des Garçons
2002 Chance Chanel Jacques Polge
2002 M7 Yves Saint Laurent Alberto Morillas, Jacques Cavallier
2003 100% Love Shaping Room Sophia Grojsman
2003 Amor Amor Cacharel Laurent Bruyere, Dominque Ropion
2003 Beyond Paradise Estée Lauder
2003 Brit Burberry
2003 Narciso Rodriguez For Her Narciso Rodriguez Francis Kurkdjian & Christine Nagel
2004 Eau des Merveilles Hermès Ralf Schwieger / Nathalie Feisthauer
2004 Flowerbomb Viktor & Rolf Olivier Polge / Carlos Benaim / Domitille Bertier
2004 Pure Poison Christian Dior
2005 Alien Theirry Mugler Dominique Ropion / Laurent Bruyere
2005 Chinatown Bond No. 9 Aurelien Guichard
2005 Euphoria Calvin Klein
2005 Un Jardin sur le Nil Hermès Jean-Claude Ellena
2006 Black Orchid Tom Ford
2006 Terre d'Hermès Hermès Jean-Claude Ellena
2006 Rose 31 Le Labo Daphne Bugey
2006 Lily & Spice Penhaligon's
2006 Insolence Guerlain Maurice Roucel
2007 Fleur du Mâle Jean-Paul Gaultier Francis Kurkdjian
2007 Prada Infusion d'Iris Prada
2007 Gucci by Gucci Gucci
2007 Black Roberto Cavalli
2008 8 88 Comme des Garçons
Zodiac
Zodiac denotes an annual cycle of twelve stations or "signs" along the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the heavens, dividing the ecliptic into twelve equal zones of celestial longitude. As such, the zodiac is a celestial coordinate system, more precisely an ecliptic coordinate system, taking the ecliptic as the origin of latitude, and the position of the sun at vernal equinox as the origin of longitude.
It is known to have been in use by the Roman era, based on concepts inherited by Hellenistic astronomy from Babylonian astronomy of the Chaldean period (mid 1st millennium BC), which in turn derived from an earlier system of lists of stars along the ecliptic.[1] The construction of the zodiac is described in Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD).
The term zodiac may also refer to the region of the celestial sphere encompassing the paths of the Moon and the naked eye planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), corresponding to the band of about eight arc degrees above and below the ecliptic. The zodiac of a given planet is the band which contains the path of that particular body, e.g. the "zodiac of the Moon" is the band of five degrees above and below the ecliptic. By extension, the "zodiac of the comets" may refer to the band encompassing most short-period comets [2]
The term zodiac derives from Latin zōdiacus, in turn from the Greek ζωδιακός κύκλος (zōdiakos kuklos), meaning "circle of animals", derived from ζώδιον (zōdion), the diminutive of ζῶον (zōon) "animal". The name is motivated by the fact that many of the signs of the classical Greek zodiac are represented as animals (six out of twelve, plus two mythological hybrids).
Although the zodiac remains the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system in use in astronomy besides the equatorial one, the term and the names of the twelve signs are today mostly associated with horoscopic astrology.
1 ♈ 0° Aries The Ram "The Agrarian Worker", Dumuzi
2 ♉ 30° Taurus The Bull "The Steer of Heaven"
3 ♊ 60° Gemini The Twins "The Great Twins" (Lugalgirra and Meslamta-ea)
4 ♋ 90° Cancer The Crab "The Crayfish"
5 ♌ 120° Leo The Lion "The Lion"
6 ♍ 150° Virgo The Virgin "The Furrow"; "The Furrow, the goddess Shala's ear of corn"
7 ♎ 180° Libra The Scales "The Scales"
8 ♏ 210° Scorpio The Scorpion "The Scorpion"
9 ♐ 240° Sagittarius Centaur The Archer"soldier"
10 ♑ 270° Capricornus "Goat-horned" (The Sea-Goat) "The Goat-Fish"
11 ♒ 300° Aquarius The Water Carrier "The Great One" "pitcher"
12 ♓ 330° Pisces The Fishes "The Tail of the Swallow" "fish-cord"
It is important to distinguish the zodiacal signs from the constellations associated with them, not only because of their drifting apart due to the precession of equinoxes but also because the physical constellations by nature of their varying shapes and forms take up varying widths of the ecliptic. Thus, Virgo takes up fully five times as much ecliptic longitude as Scorpius. The zodiacal signs, on the other hand, are an abstraction from the physical constellations designed to represent exactly one twelfth of the full circle each, or the longitude traversed by the Sun in about 30.4 days.
There have always been a number of "parazodiacal" constellations which are also touched by the paths of the planets. The MUL.APIN lists Orion, Perseus, Auriga and Andromeda. Furthermore, there are a number of constellations mythologically associated with the zodiacal ones: Piscis Austrinus, The Southern Fish, is attached to Aquarius. In classical maps it swallows the stream poured out of Aquarius' pitcher, but perhaps it formerly just swam in it. Aquila, The Eagle, was possibly associated with the zodiac by virtue of it main star, Altair. Hydra in the Early Bronze Age marked the celestial equator and was associated with Leo, which is shown standing on the serpent on the Dendera zodiac. Corvus is the Crow or Raven mysteriously perched on the tail of Hydra. The MUL.APIN glosses Hydra as "the Snake Ningizzida, lord of the Netherworld". Ningizzida together with Dumuzi (Aries) and Pabilsag (Sagittarius) governed the household of the queen of the underworld.
Taking the current constellation boundaries as defined in 1930 by the International Astronomical Union, the ecliptic itself passes through an additional thirteenth constellation, Ophiuchus, situated between Scorpius and Sagittarius. This is already recognized in Ptolemy's Almagest.
A list of winners at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards.
Album of the Year: "Raising Sand," Robert Plant and Alison Krauss; T Bone Burnett, producer; Mike Piersante, engineer/mixer; Gavin Lurssen, mastering engineer (Rounder)

Rap Album: "Tha Carter III," Lil Wayne (Cash Money/Universal Motown)

Male Pop Vocal Performance: "Say," John Mayer; track from "Continuum" (Columbia)

Record of the Year: "Please Read The Letter," Robert Plant and Alison Krauss; T Bone Burnett, producer; Mike Piersante, engineer/mixer; track from "Raising Sand" (Rounder)

New Artist: Adele

Rock Album: "Viva La Vida Or Death And All His Friends," Coldplay (Capitol)

Pop Collaboration With Vocals: "Rich Woman," Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, track from "Raising Sand" (Rounder)

Song of the Year: "Viva La Vida," Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion and Chris Martin, songwriters (Coldplay), track from "Viva La Vida Or Death And All His Friends" (Capitol Records; Publishers: Universal Music-MGB Songs)

Country Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocals: "Stay," Sugarland, track from "Enjoy the Ride" (Mercury)

R&B Album: "Jennifer Hudson," Jennifer Hudson (Arista)

Producer of the Year, Non-Classical: Rick Rubin

Producer of the Year, Classical: David Frost

Female Pop Vocal Performance: "Chasing Pavements," Adele, track from "19" (Columbia/XL)Traditional Pop Vocal Album: "Still Unforgettable," Natalie Cole (DMI)

Pop Vocal Album: "Rockferry," Duffy (Mercury)

Pop Instrumental Performance: "I Dreamed There Was No War," Eagles, track from "Long Road Out of Eden" (Eagles Recording Company)

Pop Instrumental Album: "Jingle All the Way," Bela Fleck & The Flecktones (Rounder)

Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals: "Viva La Vida," Coldplay, track from "Viva La Vida Or Death And All His Friends" (Capitol)

Alternative Music Album: "In Rainbows," Radiohead (TBD)

Solo Rock Vocal Performance: "Gravity," John Mayer, track from "Where The Light Is: Live in Los Angeles" (Columbia)

Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals: "Sex on Fire," Kings of Leon (RCA)

Hard Rock Performance: "Wax Simulacra," The Mars Volta (Universal Motown)

Metal Performance: "My Apocalypse," Metallica, track from "Death Magnetic" (Warner Bros.)

Rock Instrumental Performance: "Peaches En Regalia," Zappa Plays Zappa featuring Steve Vai and Napoleon Murphy Brock (Strobosonic/Razor & Tie Entertainment)

Rock Song: "Girls in Their Summer Clothes," Bruce Springsteen, songwriter (Bruce Springsteen), track from "Magic" (Columbia; Publisher: Bruce Springsteen)

Rap Solo Performance: "A Milli," Lil Wayne, track from "Tha Carter III" (Cash Money/Universal Motown)

Rap Performance by a Duo or Group: "Swagga Like Us," Jay-Z and T.I. featuring Kanye West and Lil Wayne (Roc-A-Fella/Grand Hustle/Atlantic)

Rap/Sung Collaboration: "American Boy," Estelle featuring Kanye West, track from "Shine" (Homeschool/Atlantic)

Rap Song: "Lollipop," Dwayne Carter, Darius Harrison, James Scheffer, Stephen Garrett and Rex Zamor, songwriters (Lil Wayne featuring Static Major), track from "Tha Carter III" (Cash Money/Universal Motown; Publishers: Young Money Publishing/Warner-Chappell Music, Herbalicious Music/Blackfountain Music/EMI-April Music, JimiPub Music/EMI Blackwood, Three Nails and A Crown Publishing/Roynet Music)

Country Song: "Stay," Jennifer Nettles, songwriter (Sugarland), track from "Enjoy the Ride" (Mercury Records; Publisher: Jennifer Nettles Publishing)

Country Album: "Troubadour," George Strait (MCA Nashville)

Female Country Vocal Performance: "Last Name," Carrie Underwood, track from "Carnival Ride" (19/Arista/Arista Nashville)

Male Country Vocal Performance: "Letter to Me," Brad Paisley, track from "5th Gear" (Arista Nashville)

Country Collaboration with Vocals: "Killing the Blues," Robert Plant and Alison Krauss, track from "Raising Sand" (Rounder)

Country Instrumental Performance: "Cluster Pluck," Brad Paisley, James Burton, Vince Gill, John Jorgenson, Albert Lee, Brent Mason, Redd Volkaert and Steve Wariner (Arista Nashville)

R&B Song: "Miss Independent," Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen and Shaffer Smith, songwriters (Ne-Yo), track from "Year of the Gentleman" (Def Jam/Compound; Publishers: Pen in the Ground Publishing, Universal Music-Z Tunes)

Contemporary R&B Album: "Growing Pains," Mary J. Blige (Geffen)

Female R&B Vocal Solo: "Superwoman," Alicia Keys, track from "As I Am" (J)

Male R&B Vocal Solo: "Miss Independent," Ne-Yo, track from "Year of the Gentleman" (Def Jam/Compound)

R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals: "Stay With Me (By the Sea)," Al Green featuring John Legend, track from "Lay It Down" (Blue Note)

Traditional R&B Vocal Performance: "You've Got the Love I Need," Al Green featuring Anthony Hamilton, track from "Lay It Down" (Blue Note)

Urban/Alternative Performance: "Be OK," Chrisette Michele featuring will.i.am, track from "I Am" (Def Jam)

Dance Recording: "Harder Better Faster Stronger," Daft Punk, Thomas Bangalter and Guy Manuel de Homem-Christo, producers; Thomas Bangalter and Guy Manuel de Homem-Christo, mixers; track from "Alive 2007" (Virgin)

Electronic Dance Album: "Alive 2007," Daft Punk (Virgin)

Bluegrass Album: "Honoring the Fathers of Bluegrass: Tribute to 1946 and 1947," Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder (Skaggs Family)

Traditional Blues Album: "One Kind Favor," B.B. King (Geffen)

Contemporary Blues Album: "City That Care Forgot," Dr. John and The Lower 911 (429)

New Age Album: "Peace Time," Jack DeJohnette (Golden Beams/Kindred Rhythm)

Contemporary Jazz Album: "Randy in Brasil," Randy Brecker (MAMA)

Jazz Vocal Album: "Loverly," Cassandra Wilson (Blue Note)

Jazz Instrumental Solo: "BE-BOP," Terence Blanchard, soloist; track from "Live at the 2007 Monterey Jazz Festival" (Monterey Jazz Festival 50th Anniversary All-Stars) (Monterey Jazz Festival)

Jazz Instrumental Album Individual or Group: "The New Crystal Silence," Chick Corea and Gary Burton (Concord)

Large Jazz Ensemble Album: "Monday Night Live at the Village Vanguard," The Vanguard Jazz Orchestra (Planet Arts Recordings)

Latin Jazz Album: "Song for Chico," Arturo O'Farrill and The Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra (Zoho)

Latin Pop Album: "La Vida ... Es Un Ratico," Juanes (Universal Music Latino)

Latin Rock or Alternative Album: "45," Jaguares (EMI Music)

Latin Urban Album: "Los Extraterrestres," Wisin y Yandel (Machete Music)

Tropical Latin Album: "Senor Bachata," Jose Feliciano (Universal Music Latino)

Regional Mexican Album: "Amor, Dolor y Lagrimas: Musica Ranchera," Mariachi Los Camperos de Nati Cano (Smithsonian Folkways Recordings) in a tie with "Canciones de Amor," Mariachi Divas (Shea/East Side)

Tejano Album: "Viva La Revolucion," Ruben Ramos and The Mexican Revolution (Revolution)

Norteno Album: "Raices," Los Tigres Del Norte (Fonovisa)

Banda Album: "No Es De Madera" Joan Sebastian (Musart/Balboa)

Traditional Folk Album: "At 89," Pete Seeger (Appleseed Recordings)

Contemporary Folk/Americana Album: "Raising Sand," Robert Plant and Alison Krauss (Rounder)

Native American Music Album: "Come to Me Great Mystery: Native American Healing Songs," (Various Artists) Tom Wasinger, producer (Silver Wave)

Hawaiian Music Album: "Ikena," Tia Carrere and Daniel Ho (Daniel Ho Creations)

Zydeco or Cajun Music Album: "Live at the 2008 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival," BeauSoleil and Michael Doucet (MunckMix)

Engineering Album, Classical: "Traditions and Transformations: Sounds of Silk Road Chicago," David Frost, Tom Lazarus and Christopher Willis, engineers (Miguel Harth-Bedoya, Alan Gilbert, Silk Road Ensemble, Wu Man, Yo-Yo Ma and Chicago Symphony Orchestra) (CSO Resound)

Reggae Album: "Jah Is Real," Burning Spear (Burning Music Production)

Traditional World Music Album: "Ilembe: Honoring Shaka Zulu," Ladysmith Black Mambazo (Heads Up International)

Contemporary World Music Album: "Global Drum Project," Mickey Hart, Zakir Hussain, Sikiru Adepoju and Giovanni Hidalgo (Shout! Factory)

Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media: "Juno," (Various Artists) Peter Afterman, Jason Reitman and Margaret Yen, producers (Fox Music/Rhino)

Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Television or Other Visual Media: "The Dark Knight," James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer, composers (Warner Sunset/Warner Bros.)

Polka Album: "Let the Whole World Sing," Jimmy Sturr and His Orchestra (Rounder)

Gospel Performance: "Get Up," Mary Mary; track from "The Sound" (Columbia)

Gospel Song: "Help Me Believe," Kirk Franklin, songwriter (Kirk Franklin); track from "The Fight of My Life" (Fo Yo Soul Ent./Zomba Gospel; Publishers: Universal Music-Z Songs/Kerrion Publishing)

Rock or Rap Gospel Album: "Alive and Transported," TobyMac (ForeFront Records EMI CMG)

Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album: "Thy Kingdom Come," CeCe Winans (PureSprings Gospel/EMI Gospel)

Southern, Country, Bluegrass Gospel: "Lovin' Life," Gaither Vocal Band (Gaither Music Group)

Traditional Gospel Album: "Down in New Orleans," The Blind Boys of Alabama (Time Life)

Contemporary R&B Gospel Album: "The Fight of My Life," Kirk Franklin (Fo Yo Soul Entertainment/Zomba Gospel)

Classical Album: "Weill: Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny," James Conlon, conductor; Anthony Dean Griffey, Patti LuPone and Audra McDonald; Fred Vogler, producer (Donnie Ray Albert, John Easterlin, Steven Humes, Mel Ulrich and Robert Worle; Los Angeles Opera Chorus; Los Angeles Opera Orchestra) (EuroArts)

Song Written for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media: "Down to Earth," ("WALL-E") Peter Gabriel and Thomas Newman, songwriters (Peter Gabriel) (Walt Disney/Pixar; Publishers: Walt Disney Music, Wonderland Music/Pixar Talking Pictures/Pixar Music)

Musical Show Album: "In the Heights," Kurt Deutsch, Alex Lacamoire, Andres Levin, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Joel Moss and Bill Sherman, producers; Lin-Manuel Miranda, composer/lyricist (Original Broadway Cast with Lin-Manuel Miranda and Others) (Razor & Tie Entertainment/Ghostlight)

Spoken Word Album (Includes Poetry, Audio Books & Story Telling): "An Inconvenient Truth (Al Gore)," Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon and Blair Underwood (Simon & Schuster Audio)

Musical Album for Children: "Here Come the 123s," They Might Be Giants (Disney Sound)

Spoken Word Album Children: "Yes to Running! Bill Harley Live," Bill Harley (Round River)

Comedy Album: "It's Bad for Ya," George Carlin (Eardrum)

Instrumental Composition: "The Adventures of Mutt," (from "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull," John Williams, composer (John Williams), track from "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" soundtrack (Concord)

Instrumental Arrangement: "Define Dancing," (from "WALL-E") Peter Gabriel and Thomas Newman, arrangers (Thomas Newman), track from "WALL-E" soundtrack (Walt Disney)

Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s): "Here's That Rainy Day," Nan Schwartz, arranger (Natalie Cole), track from "Still Unforgettable" (DMI)

Engineered Album, Non-Classical: "Consolers of the Lonely," Joe Chiccarelli, Vance Powell and Jack White III, engineers (The Raconteurs) (Third Man/Warner Bros.)

Remixed Recording: "Electric Feel (Justice Remix)," Justice, remixers (MGMT), Track from: "Oracular Spectacular" (Columbia)

Surround Sound Album: "Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition; Night on Bald Mountain; Prelude to Khovanshchina," Michael Bishop, surround mix engineer; Michael Bishop, surround mastering engineer; Robert Woods, surround producer (Paavo Jarvi and Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra) (Telarc)

Opera Recording: "Weill: Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny," James Conlon, conductor; Anthony Dean Griffey, Patti LuPone and Audra McDonald; Fred Vogler, producer (Donnie Ray Albert, John Easterlin, Steven Humes, Mel Ulrich and Robert Worle; Los Angeles Opera Orchestra; Los Angeles Opera Chorus) (EuroArts)

Orchestral Performance: "Shostakovich: Symphony No. 4," Bernard Haitink, conductor (Chicago Symphony Orchestra) (CSO Resound)

Choral Performance: "Symphony of Psalms," Sir Simon Rattle, conductor; Simon Halsey, chorus master (Berliner Philharmoniker; Rundfunkchor Berlin) track from "Stravinsky: Symphonies" (EMI Classics)

Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (With Orchestra): "Schoenberg/Sibelius: Violin Concertos," Esa-Pekka Salonen, conductor; Hilary Hahn (Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra) (Deutsche Grammophon)

Instrumental Soloist Performance (Without Orchestra): "Piano Music of Salonen, Stucky, and Lutoslawski," Gloria Cheng (Telarc)

Chamber Music Performance: "Carter, Elliott: String Quartets Nos. 1 and 5," Pacifica Quartet (Naxos)

Small Ensemble Performance: "Spotless Rose: Hymns to the Virgin Mary," Charles Bruffy, conductor; Phoenix Chorale (Chandos)

Classical Vocal Performance: "Corigliano: Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan," Hila Plitmann (JoAnn Falletta; Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra) (Naxos)

Classical Contemporary Composition: "Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan," John Corigliano (JoAnn Falletta); track from: "Corigliano: Mr. Tambourine Man: Seven Poems of Bob Dylan" (Naxos)

Classical Crossover Album: "Simple Gifts," The King's Singers (Signum)

Short Form Music Video: "Pork and Beans," Weezer, Mathew Cullen, video director; Bernard Rahill, video producder (DGC/Interscope)

Long Form Music Video: "Runnin' Down a Dream," Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers, Peter Bogdanovich, video director; Skot Bright, video producer (Warner Bros.)

Recording Package: "Death Magnetic," Bruce Duckworth, Sarah Moffat and David Turner, art directors (Metallica) (Warner Bros.)

Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package: "In Rainbows," Stanley Donwood, Mel Maxwell and Christiaan Munro, art directors (Radiohead)

Album Notes: "Kind of Blue: 50th Anniversary Collector's Edition," Francis Davis, album notes writer (Miles Davis) (Columbia/Legacy Recordings)

Historical Album: "Art of Field Recording Volume I: Fifty Years of Traditional American Music Documented by Art Rosenbaum," Steven Lance Ledbetter and Art Rosenbaum, compilation producers; Michael Graves, mastering engineering (Various Artists) (Dust-to-Digital)
Palmistry
Chiromancy or cheiromancy, (Greek cheir, hand; manteia, divination), is the art of characterization and foretelling the future through the study of the palm, also known as palmistry, palm-reading, or chirology. The practice is found all over the world, with numerous cultural variations. Those who practice chiromancy are generally called palmists, palm readers, hand readers, hand analysts,or chirologists.
The practice of chiromancy is generally regarded as a pseudoscience. The information outlined below is briefly representative of modern palmistry; there are many ― often conflicting ― interpretations of various lines and palmar features across various "schools" of palmistry.
Many cultures study the dietary analysis of food habits. While humans are omnivores, religion and social constructs such as morality often affect which foods they will consume. Food safety is also a concern with foodborne illness claiming many lives each year. In many languages, food is often used metaphorically or figuratively, as in "food for thought".
Depending on the type of palmistry practiced, and the type of reading being performed, palmists may look at various qualities of the hand, including the shapes and lines of the palm and fingers; the color and texture of the skin and fingernails; the relative sizes of the palm and fingers; the prominence of the knuckles; and numerous other attributes of the hands.
In most schools of palmistry, hand shapes are divided into four or 10 major types, sometimes corresponding to the Classical elements or temperaments. Hand shape is believed to indicate character traits corresponding to the type indicated (i.e., a "Fire hand" would exhibit high energy, creativity, short temper, ambition, etc. - all qualities believed to be related to the Classical element of Fire).
Although variations abound, the most common classifications used by modern palmists:
* Earth hands are generally identified by broad, square palms and fingers, thick or coarse skin, ruddy color, and . The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually equal to the length of the fingers.
* Air hands exhibit square or rectangular palms with long fingers and sometimes protruding knuckles, low-set thumbs, and often dry skin. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually less than the length of the fingers.
* Water hands are seeable by the short, sometimes oval-shaped palm, with long, flexible, conical fingers. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually less than the width across the widest part of the palm, and usually equal to the length of the fingers.
* Fire hands are characterized by a square or rectangular palm, flushed or pink skin, and shorter fingers. The length of the palm from wrist to the bottom of the fingers is usually greater than the length of the fingers.
It’s easy to determine the dominant element and temperament in your own hand (Dominant Planets In Hand And Horoscope) The number and quality of lines can also be included in the hand shape analysis; in some traditions of palmistry, Earth and Water hands tend to have fewer, deeper lines, while Air and Fire hands are more likely to show more lines with less clear definition.
The three lines found on almost all hands, and generally given most weight by palmists:
* The heart line is the first of the major lines examined by a reader. It is found towards the top of the palm, under the fingers. In some traditions, the line is read as starting from the edge of the palm under the little finger and flowing across the palm towards the thumb; in others, it is seen as starting under the fingers and flowing toward the outside edge of the palm. Palmists interpret this line to represent matters of the heart, both physical and metaphorical, and believe it can indicate emotional stability, romantic perspectives, depression, and stoicism, in addition to various aspects of cardiac health.
* The next line identified by palmists is the head line. This line starts at the edge of the palm under the index finger and flows across the palm towards the outside edge. Often, the head line is joined with the life line (see below) at inception. Palmists generally interpret this line to represent the person's mind and the way it works, including learning style, communication style, intellectualism, and thirst for knowledge. It is also believed to indicate a preference for creative or analytical approaches to information (i.e., right brain or left brain).
* Finally, readers look at perhaps the most controversial line on the hand, the life line. This line extends from the edge of the palm above the thumb and travels in an arc towards the wrist. This line is believed to represent the person's vitality and vigor, physical health and general well being. The life line is also believed to reflect major life changes, including cataclysmic events, physical injuries, and relocations. Contrary to popular belief, modern palmists generally do not believe that the length of a person's life line is tied to the length of a person's life.
Additional major lines or variations include:
* A simian crease, or fusing of the heart and head lines, has special significance in that both emotional as well as reasoning nature have to be studied from this line alone. The peculiar line is thought to be a combination of the head and heart lines on such hands that are separately marked on the rest of the hands.
According to Cheiro, this line is thought to endow a person with an intensity of purpose or single-mindedness, the nature of which is decided upon by exact position of this line on the hand and the direction of any branches shooting from it, which is normally the case. In hands where such a line exists without any branches as a singular mark, it indicates an extremely intense nature and special care is needed for such persons. The normal position for the line is starting below the index finger and ending where normally the heart line terminates at the edge of the hand below the little finger, indicating average interests for the person and the intense side of the nature is decided purely by the direction of any branches shooting from it. The upper half of the palm lying immediately below the fingers is considered to represent the higher or intellectual nature and the lower half of the palm to represent the materialistic side of the nature. If one of these halves is larger than the other as decided by the central placement of the head line or in this case the single transverse palmar crease it shows greater development of that aspect of the nature. Based on this general principle, if this line is placed below its normal position it indicates an intensely intellectual nature; if it is placed above its normal position it indicates an intensely materialistic nature and interests. The direction in which any branches may be found shooting from this line have a significant impact on the nature of this line resulting in suitable modifications from the above defined results depending on the nature of the mounts on the hand. For instance, if a branch from this line shoots to the mount of Moon lying on the lower edge of the hand exactly opposite the thumb, it indicates an intensely vacillating nature and emotional temperament.
* The fate line runs from the bottom of the palm near the wrist, up through the center of the palm towards the middle finger. This line is believed to be tied to the person's life path, including school and career choices, successes and obstacles. Sometimes this line is thought to reflect circumstances beyond the individual's control, or alternately the person's choices and their consequences.
Other minor lines:
* Sun Line - parallel to the Fate Line, under the ring finger; believed to indicate fame or scandal
* Girdle of Venus - starts between the little and ring fingers, runs in a rough arc under the ring and middle fingers to end between the middle and pointer fingers; thought to relate to emotional intelligence and the ability to manipulate
* Union Lines - short horizontal lines found on the percussive edge of the palm between the Heart Line and the bottom of the little finger; believed to indicate close relationships, sometimes - but not always - romantic.
* Mercury Line - runs from the bottom of the palm near the wrist, up through the palm towards the little finger; purported to be an indicator of persistent health issues, business acumen, or skill in communication.
* Travel Lines - these are horizontal lines found on the percussive edge of the palm between the wrist and the heart line; each line is said to represent a trip taken by the subject - the longer the line, the more important the trip is to the subject.
* Other Markings - these include stars, crosses, triangles, squares, tridents, and rings under each of the fingers; their supposed impact and meaning varies by location on the palm and freedom from other interfering lines.
* "Apollo Line" - the Apollo line means to have a fortunate life; it travels from the Mount of the Moon at the wrist to beneath the Apollo finger.
A list of Oscar nominees
# Best Picture
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
# 'Frost/Nixon'
# 'Milk'
# 'The Reader'
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
# Best Director
# Danny Boyle 'Slumdog Millionaire'
# Stephen Daldry 'The Reader'
# David Fincher 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
# Ron Howard 'Frost/Nixon'
# Gus Van Sant 'Milk'
#
# Best Actor
# Richard Jenkins 'The Visitor'
# Frank Langella 'Frost/Nixon'
# Sean Penn 'Milk'
# Brad Pitt 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
# Mickey Rourke 'The Wrestler'
# Best Actress
# Anne Hathaway 'Rachel Getting Married'
# Angelina Jolie 'Changeling'
# Melissa Leo 'Frozen River'
# Meryl Streep 'Doubt'
# Kate Winslet 'The Reader'
#
# Best Supporting Actor
# Josh Brolin 'Milk'
# Robert Downey Jr. 'Tropic Thunder'
# Philip Seymour Hoffman 'Doubt'
# Heath Ledger 'The Dark Knight'
# Michael Shannon 'Revolutionary Road'
# Best Supporting Actress
# Amy Adams 'Doubt'
# Penelope Cruz 'Vicky Cristina Barcelona'
# Viola Davis 'Doubt'
# Taraji P. Henson 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
# Marisa Tomei 'The Wrestler'
#
# Best Animated Feature Film
# 'Bolt'
# 'Kung Fu Panda'
# 'Wall-E'
# Best Foreign Film
# 'The Baader Meinhof Complex'

Germany
# 'The Class'

France
# 'Departures'

Japan
# 'Revanche'

Austria
# 'Waltz With Bashir'
Israel
#
# Best Original Screenplay
# 'Milk'

Dustin Lance Black
# 'Frozen River'
Courtney Hunt
# 'Happy Go Lucky'
Mike Leigh
# 'In Bruges'
Martin McDonagh
# 'Wall-E'
Andrew Stanton, Jim Reardon, Pete Docter
# Best Adapted Screenplay
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Eric Roth, Robin Swicord
# 'Doubt'
John Patrick Shanley
# 'Frost/ Nixon'
Peter Morgan
# 'The Reader'
David Hare
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
Simon Beaufoy
#
# Best Documentary Feature
# 'The Betrayal (Nerakhoon)'
# 'Encounters at the End of the World'
# 'The Garden'
# 'Man on Wire'
# 'Trouble the Water'
# Best Original Score
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
# 'Defiance'
# 'Milk'
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
# 'WALL-E'
#
# Best Original Song
#
'Down to Earth' 'WALL-E' #
'Jai Ho' 'Slumdog Millionaire' #
'O Saya' 'Slumdog Millionaire' # Best Film Editing
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Kirk Baxter, Angus Wall
# 'The Dark Knight'
Lee Smith
# 'Frost/Nixon'
Mike Hill, Dan Hanley
# 'Milk'
Elliot Graham
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
Chris Dickens
# # Best Documentary - Short Subject
# 'The Conscience of Nhem En'
# 'The Final Inch'
# 'Smile Pinki'
# 'The Witness - From the Balcony of Room 306'
# Best Cinematography
# 'Changeling'
Tom Stern
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Claudio Miranda
# 'The Dark Knight'
Wally Pfister
# 'The Reader'
Chris Menges, Roger Deakins
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
Anthony Dod Mantle
# # Best Costume Design
# 'Australia'
Catherine Martin
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Jacqueline West
# 'The Duchess'
Michael O'Connor
# 'Milk'
Danny Glicker
# 'Revolutionary Road'
Albert Wolsky
# Best Sound Mixing
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
David Parker, Michael Semanick, Ren Klyce, Mark Weingarten
# 'The Dark Knight'
Lora Hirschberg, Gary Rizzo, Ed Novick
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
Ian Tapp, Richard Pryke, Resul Pookutty
# 'WALL-E'
Tom Myers, Michael Semanick, Ben Burtt
# 'Wanted'
Chris Jenkins, Frank A. Montaño, Petr Forejt
# # Best Sound Editing
# 'The Dark Knight'
Richard King
# 'Iron Man'
Frank Eulner, Christopher Boyes
# 'Slumdog Millionaire'
Tom Sayers
# 'WALL-E'
Ben Burtt, Matthew Wood
# 'Wanted'
Wylie Stateman
# Best Live Action Short Film
# 'Auf der Strecke (On the Line)'
# 'Manon on the Asphalt'
# 'New Boy'
# 'The Pig'
# 'Spielzeugland (Toyland)'
# # Best Animated Short Film
# 'La Maison de Petits Cubes'
# 'Lavatory - Lovestory'
# 'Oktapodi'
# 'Presto'
# 'This Way Up'
# Best Makeup
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Greg Cannom
# 'The Dark Knight'
John Caglione, Jr., Conor O'Sullivan
# 'Hellboy II: The Golden Army'
Mike Elizalde, Thom Flout
#
# Best Art Direction
# 'Changeling'
James J. Murakami, Gary Fettis
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Donald Graham Burt, Victor J. Zolfo
# 'The Dark Knight'
Nathan Crowley, Peter Lando
# 'The Duchess'
Michael Carlin, Rebecca Alleway
# 'Revolutionary Road'
Kristi Zea, Debra Schutt
# Best Visual Effects
# 'The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'
Eric Barba, Steve Preeg, Burt Dalton, Craig Barron
# 'The Dark Knight'
Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin
# 'Iron Man'
John Nelson, Ben Snow, Dan Sudick, Shane Mahan


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